Scenario-Based Carbon Footprint of a Synthetic Liquid Fuel Vehicle

Yamada, Gakuto; Murata, Hidenori; Kobayashi, Hideki

doi:https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167500

Scenario-Based Carbon Footprint of a Synthetic Liquid Fuel Vehicle

Yamada, Gakuto; Murata, Hidenori; Kobayashi, Hideki

Sustainability (Switzerland), 2025, 17(16), 7500

アクセス数:78件（2026-02-16 12:11 集計）

固定URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11094/103260

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タイトル	Scenario-Based Carbon Footprint of a Synthetic Liquid Fuel Vehicle
著者	著者名 Yamada, Gakuto
	ORCID 0000-0002-4767-864X 0000-0002-4767-864X researchmap permalink mh19870309 mh19870309 Scopus Author ID 57189986088 57189986088 著者名 Murata, Hidenori
	NRID 1000060446903 1000060446903 ORCID 0000-0003-4667-9330 0000-0003-4667-9330 researchmap permalink _HK _HK Scopus Author ID 55683214900 55683214900 著者名 Kobayashi, Hideki
キーワード等	carbon capture and utilization (CCU)
	direct air capture (DAC)
	e-fuel
	electrical power mix
	synthetic liquid fuel
	system expansion
内容	Yamada G., Murata H., Kobayashi H.. Scenario-Based Carbon Footprint of a Synthetic Liquid Fuel Vehicle. Sustainability (Switzerland) 17, 7500 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167500.
抄録	The mitigation of climate change impacts from the automotive sector is important for sustainable development, and for that purpose, synthetic liquid fuel vehicles (SLF-Vs) are being considered as a potential clean option alongside electric vehicles (EVs). However, the energy-intensive production of synthetic liquid fuels (SLFs) requires a thorough life-cycle analysis, as CO₂ emissions vary significantly depending on the power sources and feedstock production technologies. This study evaluates the life-cycle CO₂ emissions of SLF-Vs in Japan through long-term multiple scenarios up to 2050 and compares them with those of gasoline vehicles (GVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The results reveal that, in 2020, SLF-Vs’ life-cycle CO₂ emissions were more than 2.9 times higher than those of GVs. By 2050, SLF-Vs’ emissions could only decrease to BEV-like levels if Japan achieves significant decarbonization of its power grid. Even if hydrogen is produced via water electrolysis in Australia, where renewable energy is abundant, and then imported, emissions remain high if Japan’s power grid remains insufficiently decarbonized. This highlights the critical importance of expanding domestic decarbonized power sources, particularly renewable energy, to reduce the life-cycle CO₂ emissions of SLF-Vs in Japan.
出版者	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
収録物名	Sustainability (Switzerland)
巻(号)	17(16)
ページ	7500
刊行年月	2025-08-19
言語	英語
ハンドルURL	https://hdl.handle.net/11094/103260
eISSN	20711050
関連情報 (isIdenticalTo)	DOI (出版社版) https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167500
アクセス権	open access
権利情報	This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
出版タイプ	Version of Record
カテゴリ	学術雑誌論文 Journal Article

資源タイプ	学術雑誌論文
ローカル資源タイプ	学術雑誌論文
DCMI資源タイプ	text
DCTERMS.bibliographicCitation	Sustainability (Switzerland). 2025, 17(16), p. 7500
DC.title	Scenario-Based Carbon Footprint of a Synthetic Liquid Fuel Vehicle
DC.creator	Yamada, Gakuto
	Murata, Hidenori
	Kobayashi, Hideki
DC.publisher	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
DC.language' scheme='DCTERMS.RFC1766	英語
DC.type' scheme='DCTERMS.DCMIType	text
DCTERMS.issued' scheme='DCTERMS.W3CDTF	2025-08-19
DC.identifier	https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167500
DC.subject	carbon capture and utilization (CCU)
	direct air capture (DAC)
	e-fuel
	electrical power mix
	synthetic liquid fuel
	system expansion
DC.description	Yamada G., Murata H., Kobayashi H.. Scenario-Based Carbon Footprint of a Synthetic Liquid Fuel Vehicle. Sustainability (Switzerland) 17, 7500 (2025); https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167500.
DCTERMS.abstract	The mitigation of climate change impacts from the automotive sector is important for sustainable development, and for that purpose, synthetic liquid fuel vehicles (SLF-Vs) are being considered as a potential clean option alongside electric vehicles (EVs). However, the energy-intensive production of synthetic liquid fuels (SLFs) requires a thorough life-cycle analysis, as CO₂ emissions vary significantly depending on the power sources and feedstock production technologies. This study evaluates the life-cycle CO₂ emissions of SLF-Vs in Japan through long-term multiple scenarios up to 2050 and compares them with those of gasoline vehicles (GVs), hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), and battery electric vehicles (BEVs). The results reveal that, in 2020, SLF-Vs’ life-cycle CO₂ emissions were more than 2.9 times higher than those of GVs. By 2050, SLF-Vs’ emissions could only decrease to BEV-like levels if Japan achieves significant decarbonization of its power grid. Even if hydrogen is produced via water electrolysis in Australia, where renewable energy is abundant, and then imported, emissions remain high if Japan’s power grid remains insufficiently decarbonized. This highlights the critical importance of expanding domestic decarbonized power sources, particularly renewable energy, to reduce the life-cycle CO₂ emissions of SLF-Vs in Japan.
DC.rights	This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
DC.format	103260
citation_title	Scenario-Based Carbon Footprint of a Synthetic Liquid Fuel Vehicle
citation_author	Yamada, Gakuto
	Murata, Hidenori
	Kobayashi, Hideki
citation_publisher	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
citation_language	英語
citation_date	2025-08-19
citation_journal_title	Sustainability (Switzerland)
citation_volume	17
citation_issue	16
citation_firstpage	7500
citation_doi	https://doi.org/10.3390/su17167500
citation_public_url	https://hdl.handle.net/11094/103260

Scenario-Based Carbon Footprint of a Synthetic Liquid Fuel Vehicle

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