A Cross-National Comparison of the Gender Gap in Time Use : Reanalyzing Data from Japan and Six Western Societies

セイカツ ジカン ノ ダンジョサ ノ コクサイ ヒカク ニホン オウベイ 6カコク データ ノ サイブンセキ

タナカ, シゲト

Tanaka, Shigeto

オオサカ ダイガク ニンゲン カガクブ シャカイガク ニンゲンガク ジンルイガク ケンキュウシツ

英語

性別分業

ジェンダー平等

比較福祉国家論

最大非対称

time budget

sexual division of labor

gender equality

comparative welfare state regime

maximum asymmetry

A secondary analysis of comparable time-use data (arranged by the NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute; the survey dates vary from 1985 to 1990) from Japan, Canada, US, UK, the Netherlands, Denmark, and Finland, is conducted by means of a new mathematical procedure to decompose time-use-by-sex arrays distinguishing between effects of marginal distribution and of equalization in lifestyle. Let a and y denote unpaid housework time by women and by men respectively; x and b denote paid work time by women and by men. Let the marginals be denoted as follows: F=a+x; M=b+y; T=F+M; U=a+y. An index of the sex difference in time-use, which is a variant of Yano Masakazu's hubyoudou sisuu [index of inequality], is defined as d=T -2(x+y). Because of the empirical constraint that women's and men's work time (F and M) should balance with each other, d cannot exceed the ceiling of asymmetry C=T-2 ｜ F－I｜; this C depends on the marginals and presents the structural limit of individuals' option. The appropriate estimator of the prevalence of the gender-equal lifestyle is E=(C-d)/C, a coefficient standardized to be margin-free. Finally a two-dimensional (E X C) scatterplot of the seven societies is interpreted with the aid of a welfare regime typology by Alan Siaroff (1994). (1) The gender equality in time-use (E) corresponds to the gender equality in the paid labor market. (2) In the Netherlands and in Japan the ceiling of asymmetry (C) depends on the length of the standard paid working time, whereas among the other five societies, to which Siaroff referred as Protestant welfare states, C diverges according to the family welfare orientation.

英語