Urban laboring poor against Infant Mortality at Osaka city of the early 20th century : Who saved babies?

Higami, Emiko; Hanashima, Makoto; Tomobe, Kenichi

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論文情報

タイトル	Urban laboring poor against Infant Mortality at Osaka city of the early 20th century : Who saved babies?
著者	Higami, Emiko Higami, Emiko
	Hanashima, Makoto Hanashima, Makoto
	Tomobe, Kenichi Tomobe, Kenichi
キーワード等	Infant Mortality Rate(IMR)
	Breast-feeding
	α-index
	diarrhea
	visiting nurses
抄録	The average infant mortality rate (IMR) was 155.4 in rural areas in Japan, and IMR in Osaka city was 231.6 during 1906 to 1910. The outstanding level of IMR in Osaka city might have been influenced by somewhat negative urban factors, which we can call the “urban penalty.” Dr. Hiroshi Maruyama discovered the α-index in 1938. The α-index represents infant mortality number divided by neonatal mortality number. After all, Maruyama set one month after birth as a boundary to divide endogenous and exogenous. The α-index shows a qualitative measure of infant mortality. Post neonatal mortality was increased due to acquired diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia and beriberi. This shows that the effect of the urban penalty was raising the α-index . The α-index of the industrial zones shows that bad maternal conditions affected endogenous factors. Most mothers suffered from a deficiency of breastfeeding capability. The first reason was anemia. The second reason was mothers’ ignorance about breastfeeding. The third reason was mother’s illnesses. They had to rely on bottlefeeding without any knowledge to handle artificial milk. Those babies often died from diarrhea or pneumonia.
公開者	Graduate School of Economics and Osaka School of International Public Policy (OSIPP) Osaka University
掲載誌名	Discussion Papers In Economics And Business
巻	13-30
開始ページ	1
終了ページ	16
刊行年月	2013-11
URL	http://hdl.handle.net/11094/26427
関連情報 (references)	http://www2.econ.osaka-u.ac.jp/library/global/dp/1330.pdf
言語	英語
カテゴリ	ディスカッション／ワーキング・ペーパー DP/WP

著者版フラグ	none
NII資源タイプ	テクニカルレポート
ローカル資源タイプ	ディスカッション／ワーキング・ペーパー
dcmi資源タイプ	text
DCTERMS.bibliographicCitation	Discussion Papers In Economics And Business.13-30 P.1-P.16
DC.title	Urban laboring poor against Infant Mortality at Osaka city of the early 20th century : Who saved babies?
DC.creator	Higami, Emiko
	Hanashima, Makoto
	Tomobe, Kenichi
DC.publisher	Graduate School of Economics and Osaka School of International Public Policy (OSIPP) Osaka University
DC.language" scheme="DCTERMS.RFC1766	英語
DCTERMS.issued" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF	2013-11
DC.identifier" scheme="DCTERMS.URI	http://hdl.handle.net/11094/26427
DC.subject	Infant Mortality Rate(IMR)
	Breast-feeding
	α-index
	diarrhea
	visiting nurses
DCTERMS.abstract	The average infant mortality rate (IMR) was 155.4 in rural areas in Japan, and IMR in Osaka city was 231.6 during 1906 to 1910. The outstanding level of IMR in Osaka city might have been influenced by somewhat negative urban factors, which we can call the “urban penalty.” Dr. Hiroshi Maruyama discovered the α-index in 1938. The α-index represents infant mortality number divided by neonatal mortality number. After all, Maruyama set one month after birth as a boundary to divide endogenous and exogenous. The α-index shows a qualitative measure of infant mortality. Post neonatal mortality was increased due to acquired diseases such as diarrhea, pneumonia and beriberi. This shows that the effect of the urban penalty was raising the α-index . The α-index of the industrial zones shows that bad maternal conditions affected endogenous factors. Most mothers suffered from a deficiency of breastfeeding capability. The first reason was anemia. The second reason was mothers’ ignorance about breastfeeding. The third reason was mother’s illnesses. They had to rely on bottlefeeding without any knowledge to handle artificial milk. Those babies often died from diarrhea or pneumonia.
citation_title	Urban laboring poor against Infant Mortality at Osaka city of the early 20th century : Who saved babies?
citation_author	Higami, Emiko
	Hanashima, Makoto
	Tomobe, Kenichi
citation_publisher	Graduate School of Economics and Osaka School of International Public Policy (OSIPP) Osaka University
citation_language	英語
citation_date	2013-11
citation_journal_title	Discussion Papers In Economics And Business
citation_volume	13-30
citation_firstpage	1
citation_lastpage	16
citation_public_url	http://hdl.handle.net/11094/26427
citation_keywords	Infant Mortality Rate(IMR)
	Breast-feeding
	α-index
	diarrhea
	visiting nurses

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