Turning to Stone, Philosophical Investigations § 283 & § 288

セキカシタ シンタイ ト イタミ ノ ジゾク テツガク タンキュウ 283セツ 288セツ

マルタ, ケン

Maruta, Ken

オオサカ ダイガク ニンゲン カガクブ シャカイガク ニンゲンガク ジンルイガク ケンキュウシツ

英語

マルコム

一人称・三人称

心的概念

振る舞い

Wittgenstein

Malcolm

first- and third-person

psychological concepts

behaviour

Philosophical Investigations § 283 contains the following supposition: "Couldn't I imagine having frightful pains and turning to stone while they lasted? Well, how do I know, if I shut my eyes, whether I have not turned into a stone?" According to Norman Malcolm, this supposition represents the negation of the logical relation that exists between our concept of pain and its natural expressions, and it thus needs refutation. Because the self-ascription of pain is not based on the observation of one's own behaviour, Malcolm thinks that, from the first-person perspective, the supposition cannot be dismissed on the ground that a stone does not satisfy behavioural criteria. However, Malcolm believes that Wittgenstein succeeds in rebutting the supposition by another means. The aim of this article is to examine Malcolm's argument by taking into account the relevant remarks of Investigations. The following points will be made: (1) to regard the supposition as refuted at § 283 is to confound first-person ascription of pain with third-person ascription of pain; (2) to regard the supposition as refuted at § 288 is to confound the elimination of pain-behaviour in the stronger sense with that in the weaker sense; (3) to regard the supposition as refuted at all in Investigations is to confound the learning of self-attribution of pain with the practice of self-attribution. In the final analysis, Wittgenstein's concern did not lie in confuting the supposition of "turning to stone" as Malcolm would like us to believe. Rather, the supposition appeals to us because it actually captures the logic of the first-person ascription of mental concepts.

英語