Sustainable alloy design: Fe-enhanced Ti alloys for superior mechanical performance in additive manufacturing

Issariyapat, Ammarueda; Huang, Jeff; Kariya, Shota; Chen, Biao; Li, Shufeng; Umeda, Junko; Yamanaka, Kenta; Chiba, Akihiko; Kondoh, Katsuyoshi

doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177767

Sustainable alloy design: Fe-enhanced Ti alloys for superior mechanical performance in additive manufacturing

Issariyapat, Ammarueda; Huang, Jeff; Kariya, Shota et al.

Journal of Alloys and Compounds, 2025, 1010, 177767

Number of Access:582（2025-08-14 12:35 Counts）

Identifier to cite or link to this item: https://hdl.handle.net/11094/100213

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Title	Sustainable alloy design: Fe-enhanced Ti alloys for superior mechanical performance in additive manufacturing
Creator	researchmap permalink ammarueda ammarueda Scopus Author ID 36833810800 36833810800 CreatorName Issariyapat, Ammarueda
	CreatorName Huang, Jeff
	NRID 1000010912727 1000010912727 researchmap permalink kariya-s kariya-s Scopus Author ID 56865665900 56865665900 CreatorName Kariya, Shota
	CreatorName Chen, Biao
	CreatorName Li, Shufeng
	NRID 1000050345162 1000050345162 researchmap permalink umeda umeda Scopus Author ID 23478776500 23478776500 ORCID 0000-0001-8678-9708 0000-0001-8678-9708 CreatorName Umeda, Junko
	NRID 1000030727061 1000030727061 CreatorName Yamanaka, Kenta
	NRID 1000000197617 1000000197617 CreatorName Chiba, Akihiko
	NRID 1000050345138 1000050345138 researchmap permalink kondoh kondoh Scopus Author ID 9942942300 9942942300 CreatorName Kondoh, Katsuyoshi
Subject	Grain refinement
	Laser-based powder bed fusion
	Solid solution strengthening
	Ti alloy
Description	Issariyapat A., Huang J., Kariya S., et al. Sustainable alloy design: Fe-enhanced Ti alloys for superior mechanical performance in additive manufacturing. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1010, 177767 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177767.
Abstract	The use of titanium (Ti) in the additive manufacturing (AM) industry has been steadily increasing. However, iron (Fe), a significant impurity originating from the sponge production process, is difficult to remove due to high energy requirements. Consequently, fully eliminating Fe from Ti is challenging and expensive. Understanding the role of Fe in Ti alloys and determining a maximum allowable threshold for AM is therefore critical. This knowledge could potentially relax current industry standards and enable the development of more sustainable Ti alloys. This study investigated the effect of Fe on the microstructure development and mechanical properties of Ti-Fe alloys, with a focus on their suitability for additive manufacturing. Through an in-situ alloying approach, Fe content was systematically increased from 0 to 3 wt%, leading to significant grain size reduction, from over 100 μm to less than 5 μm. These modifications in grain size and morphology, achieved by adjusting the Fe content in laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) fabricated Ti alloys, are directly related to substantial enhancements in the mechanical properties. The hardness increased from 171 to 366 HV, and the tensile strength effectively doubled from 426 to 1026 MPa while maintaining ductility. XRD analysis revealed the presence of a full α phase when the Fe content was ≤ 0.75 wt%. However, at higher Fe concentrations, small β peaks were observed. To identify the strengthening mechanisms, theoretical frameworks such as the Hall-Petch relationship and Labusch model were employed. Two significant inflection points were identified at Fe concentrations of 0.1 % and 1 wt%, indicating three important compositional ranges: Region #1 (Fe ≤ 0.1 wt%), Region #2 (0.1–1 wt% Fe), and Region #3 (1–3 wt% Fe). The strengthening mechanism in each region is discussed in detail.
Publisher	Elsevier Ltd
Source Title	Journal of Alloys and Compounds
Volume (Issue)	1010
Page	177767
Date of Issued	2025-01-05
Language	English
Handle URL	https://hdl.handle.net/11094/100213
PISSN	09258388
Relation.isIdenticalTo	DOI (Publisher Version) https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177767
Access Rights	open access
CopyRight	This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
oaire:version	Version of Record
Category	学術雑誌論文 Journal Article

Resource Type	journal article
Local Type	Journal Article
DCTERMS.bibliographicCitation	Journal of Alloys and Compounds. 2025, 1010, p. 177767
DC.title	Sustainable alloy design: Fe-enhanced Ti alloys for superior mechanical performance in additive manufacturing
DC.creator	Issariyapat, Ammarueda
	Huang, Jeff
	Kariya, Shota
	Chen, Biao
	Li, Shufeng
	Umeda, Junko
	Yamanaka, Kenta
	Chiba, Akihiko
	Kondoh, Katsuyoshi
DC.publisher	Elsevier Ltd
DC.language' scheme='DCTERMS.RFC1766	English
DCTERMS.issued' scheme='DCTERMS.W3CDTF	2025-01-05
DC.identifier	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177767
DC.subject	Grain refinement
	Laser-based powder bed fusion
	Solid solution strengthening
	Ti alloy
DC.description	Issariyapat A., Huang J., Kariya S., et al. Sustainable alloy design: Fe-enhanced Ti alloys for superior mechanical performance in additive manufacturing. Journal of Alloys and Compounds 1010, 177767 (2025); https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177767.
DCTERMS.abstract	The use of titanium (Ti) in the additive manufacturing (AM) industry has been steadily increasing. However, iron (Fe), a significant impurity originating from the sponge production process, is difficult to remove due to high energy requirements. Consequently, fully eliminating Fe from Ti is challenging and expensive. Understanding the role of Fe in Ti alloys and determining a maximum allowable threshold for AM is therefore critical. This knowledge could potentially relax current industry standards and enable the development of more sustainable Ti alloys. This study investigated the effect of Fe on the microstructure development and mechanical properties of Ti-Fe alloys, with a focus on their suitability for additive manufacturing. Through an in-situ alloying approach, Fe content was systematically increased from 0 to 3 wt%, leading to significant grain size reduction, from over 100 μm to less than 5 μm. These modifications in grain size and morphology, achieved by adjusting the Fe content in laser-based powder bed fusion (LPBF) fabricated Ti alloys, are directly related to substantial enhancements in the mechanical properties. The hardness increased from 171 to 366 HV, and the tensile strength effectively doubled from 426 to 1026 MPa while maintaining ductility. XRD analysis revealed the presence of a full α phase when the Fe content was ≤ 0.75 wt%. However, at higher Fe concentrations, small β peaks were observed. To identify the strengthening mechanisms, theoretical frameworks such as the Hall-Petch relationship and Labusch model were employed. Two significant inflection points were identified at Fe concentrations of 0.1 % and 1 wt%, indicating three important compositional ranges: Region #1 (Fe ≤ 0.1 wt%), Region #2 (0.1–1 wt% Fe), and Region #3 (1–3 wt% Fe). The strengthening mechanism in each region is discussed in detail.
DC.rights	This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
DC.format	100213
citation_title	Sustainable alloy design: Fe-enhanced Ti alloys for superior mechanical performance in additive manufacturing
citation_author	Issariyapat, Ammarueda
	Huang, Jeff
	Kariya, Shota
	Chen, Biao
	Li, Shufeng
	Umeda, Junko
	Yamanaka, Kenta
	Chiba, Akihiko
	Kondoh, Katsuyoshi
citation_publisher	Elsevier Ltd
citation_language	English
citation_date	2025-01-05
citation_journal_title	Journal of Alloys and Compounds
citation_volume	1010
citation_firstpage	177767
citation_doi	https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jallcom.2024.177767
citation_public_url	https://hdl.handle.net/11094/100213

Sustainable alloy design: Fe-enhanced Ti alloys for superior mechanical performance in additive manufacturing

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