Normal and Pathological Differentiation between Oneself and Others as Considered from a Clinical Psychology Viewpoint

セイジョウ　ナ　ジタ　ノ　ミブンカ　ナ　セイシン　ジョウタイ　ト　ビョウリテキ　ナ　ジタ　ノ　ミブンカ　ナ　セイシン　ジョウタイ　ノ　ハッタツ　ニ　カンスル　リンショウ　シンリガクテキ　コウサツ

タケダ, シュンスケ

Takeda, Shunsuke

オオサカ ダイガク ダイガクイン ニンゲン カガク ケンキュウカ キョウイクガクケイ

Department of Education, Graduate School of Human Sciences, Osaka University

This paper mainly surveys the differentiation between oneself and others and based on a psychoanalytic view of relevant cases and observations of infants. It is shown that in normal development, the Me and the Not-Me is differentiated within consciousness. This study argues that people who cannot differentiate between themselves and others can be divided into two pathological types. The first type comprises people who deny the inner truth that others do not think the same way they do, and that they must endure their pain by themselves. The second type comprises people who are in the first place unable to notice or understand that other people think differently from them. To distinguish between these pathological types, the presence or absence of self-direction can be used as standard evaluation criterion. Moreover, being able to differentiate whether an individual has had a normal or pathological development is important because it influences the relationship between therapists and clients during sessions. As a guidepost to distinguish which type of development occurred in an individual, the relationship between the therapists and clients is considered complete and fulfilled when no new revelations arise in the pathological states. In short, to encourage normal development as part of the treatment, it is important that the therapy relationship involves openness especialy from the client.